Referencing Styles

A guide to the reference styles used at the University of St Andrews

Important:

The pages of this guide related to the guidelines in the Chicago Manual of Style - 18th edition, published in 2024.  This edition of the style is gradually being adopted by the Schools who recommend or require this style for coursework submissions.

During academic year 2024-25 students using the Chicago style are advised to use the following version of the Chicago style:

  • Art History - use the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, the 18th edition will be adopted in academic year 2025-26
  • Divinity - use either the 17th edition or the 18th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, applying either version consistently (i.e. do no use a combination of both)
  • Other Schools, consult the Student Handbook for your School, or ask in your School for advice.

Referencing translated works

Where a work has an original author or editor and has been translated, you need to include the details of the author/editor and the translator in the full footnote and the bibliography.  Translator details are not included in a shortened footnote.  

Full footnote or endnote:

Note Number. Author name, Title, trans. Translator name (Publisher, Year), Page.

Example:

12. Leonid Zhmud, Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans, trans. Kevin Winder and Rosh Ireland (Oxford University Press, 2012), 118.

Shortened footnote or endnote:

Note Number. Author Surname, Short Title, Page.

Example:

12. Zhmud, Pythagoras , 118.

Entry in a bibliography:

Author Surname, First Name. Title. Translated by First Name Surname. Publisher, Year.

Example:

Zhmud, Leonid. Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans. Translated by Kevin Winder and Rosh Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2012.

Name order - note that the format for the translator's name is First Name Surname in the bibliography