Referencing Styles

A guide to the reference styles used at the University of St Andrews

What you need to include, and types of books

Book references include:

  • Author(s)
  • Title
  • Editor(s) / Translator(s)
  • Edition Statement
  • Volume
  • Place - generally this is not included, but can be included where it is significant, e.g. with early print publications, where this information may be useful to the reader.
  • Publisher
  • Date

E-book references include:

  • Author(s)
  • Title
  • Editor(s) / Translator(s)
  • Edition Statement
  • Volume
  • Place - generally this is not included, but can be included where it is significant, e.g. with early print publications, where this information may be useful to the reader.
  • Publisher
  • Date
  • DOI if there is one

 

Fields marked in blue are only included where the source contains that information.  Most sources will either have an author or an editor.

The Basic Footnote citation (for first citation)

Note number. First Name Surname, Title (Publisher, Year), p. xx.

If including a place of publication

Note number. First Name Surname, Title (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), p. xx. 

The Basic Footnote citation (for subsequent citation of a work)

Note number. Surname, p. xx.

The Basic Reference format is:

Surname, First Name, Title of book (Publisher, Year)

If including a place of publication

Surname, First Name, Title of book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year)

If referencing an ebook where a DOI is available

Surname, First Name, Title of book (Publisher, Year), doi: 00.0000/1234567890

First footnote citation:

2. Richard Thomson and Phillip Dennis Cate and Mary Weavin Chapin, Toulouse-Lautrec and Montmartre. (National Gallery of Art in association with Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 42.

Subsequent footnote citation:

3. Thomson, Cate and Weavin, p. 82.

Bibliography entry:

Thomson, Richard and Phillip Dennis Cate, and Mary Weavin Chapin, Toulouse-Lautrec and Montmartre (National Gallery of Art in association with Princeton University Press, 2005)

With ebooks you provide the same information as you would with a print book, if the book has a doi you include this at the end.

First footnote citation:

4. Nathan Burkan, Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer: And the Making of American Popular Culture (University of California Press, 2020), p. 28, doi:10.1525/9780520969759.

Subsequent footnote citation:

6. Burkan, p. 143.

Bibliography entry:

Burkan, Nathan, Adventures of a Jazz Age Lawyer: And the Making of American Popular Culture (University of California Press, 2020), doi:10.1525/9780520969759

Footnote:

  • Authors are given as First name Surname
  • For multiple authors follow the advice the Author Rules tab
  • First citations provide the full reference, subsequent use of the same source requires a shortened citation
  • For E-books where there is a doi, provide the doi at the end

Bibliography

  • The first author / editor name is given as Surname, First name,
  • Second and subsequent author / editor names are given in the format of First Name Surname
  • For multiple authors follow the advice in the Author Rules tab
  • Title is always italicised, and given in full
  • Date follows publisher
  • For E-books where there is a doi, provide the doi at the end