Referencing Styles

A guide to the reference styles used at the University of St Andrews

Important:

The pages of this guide related to the guidelines in the Chicago Manual of Style - 18th edition, published in 2024.  This edition of the style is gradually being adopted by the Schools who recommend or require this style for coursework submissions.

During academic year 2024-25 students using the Chicago style are advised to use the following version of the Chicago style:

  • Art History - use the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, the 18th edition will be adopted in academic year 2025-26
  • Divinity - use either the 17th edition or the 18th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, applying either version consistently (i.e. do no use a combination of both)
  • Other Schools, consult the Student Handbook for your School, or ask in your School for advice.

Referencing a chapter:

Book chapter references include:

  • Author(s) of chapter
  • "Title of chapter"
  • Title of book (italicised)
  • Editor(s) of book
  • Place (only required for books published before 1900, or when there are different versions of a title published simultaneously in different locations, by the same publisher, where there are variations in content, or where publisher can't be ascertained)
  • Publisher
  • Year of publication

 

Ebook references include:

  • Author(s) of the chapter
  • "Title of chapter"
  • Title of book (italicised)
  • Editor(s) of book
  • Place (only required for books publisherd before 1900, or when there are different versions of a title published simultaneously in different locations, by the same publisher, where there are variations in content, or where publisher can't be ascertained)
  • Publisher
  • Year of Publication
  • DOI (preferred) or URL

 

Fields marked in blue are only included where the source contains that information.

The full footnote or endnote format is:

Note number. Chapter Author's Name, "Title of the chapter," in Title of the book, ed. Editor's name (Publisher, Year) page.

The shortened footnote or endnote format is:

Note number. Chapter Author's Surname, Short Title, page.

The entry in a bibliography format is:

Chapter Author Surname, First Name "Title of Chapter". In Title of Book, edited by Editor First Name Surname. Publisher, Year.

Full Footnote / endnote entry:

3. Nicola Shaughnessy, "Dancing with difference: moving towards a new aesthetics," in Applied theatre: aesthetics, ed. Gareth White (Bloomsbury Metheun Drama), 96.

Shortened Footnote / endnote entry:

3. Shaughnessy, "Dancing", 96.

Bibliography entry:

Shaughnessy, Nicola.  "Dancing with difference: moving towards a new aesthetics."   In Applied theatre: aesthetics, edited by Gareth White. Bloomsbury Methuen Drama, 2015.

 

Full Footnote / endnote entry:

4. Tarak Barkawi, "War, armed forces and society in postcolonial perspective." In Postcolonial theory in international relations, ed. Sanjay Seth (Routledge, 2013), chpt 5. https://www-taylorfrancis-com.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/books/edit/10.4324/9780203073025/postcolonial-theory-international-relations-sanjay-seth.

Shortened Footnote / endnote entry:

4. Barkawi, "War, armed forces", chpt 5.

Bibliography entry:

Barkawi, Tarak "War, armed forces and society in postcolonial perspective." In Postcolonial theory in international relations, edited by Sanjay Seth. Routledge, 2013. https://www-taylorfrancis-com.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/books/edit/10.4324/9780203073025/postcolonial-theory-international-relations-sanjay-seth.