Referencing Styles

A guide to the reference styles used at the University of St Andrews

Important:

The pages of this guide related to the guidelines in the Chicago Manual of Style - 18th edition, published in 2024.  This edition of the style is gradually being adopted by the Schools who recommend or require this style for coursework submissions.

During academic year 2024-25 students using the Chicago style are advised to use the following version of the Chicago style:

  • Art History - use the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, the 18th edition will be adopted in academic year 2025-26
  • Divinity - use either the 17th edition or the 18th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, applying either version consistently (i.e. do no use a combination of both)
  • Other Schools, consult the Student Handbook for your School, or ask in your School for advice.

What you need to include:

Print journal article references include:

  • Author(s) of article

  • "Title of article"

  • Title of Journal (italicised)

  • Issue information (volume, issue, date)

  • Page reference (where appropriate)

Online journal article references include:

  • Author(s) of the article

  • "Title of article"

  • Title of Journal (italicised)

  • Issue information (volume, issue, date)

  • Page reference (where appropriate)

  • doi or URL when no doi is available, or in some cases name of database consulted on

 

Fields marked in blue are only included where the source contains that information.

The full footnote or endnote format is:

Note number. Author's name, "Article title," Journal publication title volume, issue (Year): page being cited.

The shortened footnote or endnote format is:

Note number. Author's surname, "Short title", page being cited.

The entry in a bibliography format is:

Surname, First Name. "Article title". Journal title volume number, issue number (Month year): page range of the article.

NB: Issue number is given even if pagination is continuous in a volume or year.  Season is capitalised if needed instead of a month. Season or months don't need to be given where a volume and issue number are given.

Full Footnote / endnote entry:

5. Jessica Black and Jennifer L. Barnes, "Fiction and social cognition: The effect of viewing award-winning television dramas on the theory of mind." Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts 9, no. 4 (2015): 423.

Shortened Footnote / endnote entry:

5. Black and Barnes, "Fiction and social cognition", 423.

Bibliography entry:

Black, Jessica, and Jennifer L. Barnes.  "Fiction and social cognition: The effect of viewing award-winning television dramas on the theory of mind." Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts 9, no. 4 (2015): 423-429. 

Example of journal cover page Example journal article first page

 

Full Footnote / endnote entry:

6. Kemp et al., "Attention retraining can reduce chocolate consumption," Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 20, no.1 (2014): 98, https://doi/10.1037/xap0000005.

Shortened Footnote / endnote entry:

6. Kemp et al., "Attention retraining," 98.

Bibliography entry:

Kemp, Eva, Marika Tiggerman, Jenna Orr, and Justine Grear. "Attentional retraining can reduce chocolate consumption." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 20, no.1 (2014): 94-102. https://doi/10.1037/xap0000005.

Example of journal article first page

Full Footnote / endnote entry:

6. Gillian Balfour, "Re-imagining a feminist criminology." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 48, no.5 (2006): 745, https://heinonline.org.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cjccj48&id=1

Shortened Footnote / endnote entry:

6. Balfour, "Re-imagining", 745.

Bibliography entry:

Balfour, Gillian. "Re-imagining a feminist criminology." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 48, no.5 (2006): 735-752. https://heinonline.org.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/cjccj48&id=1

Does the URL resolve?

Check the URL you have supplied to ensure it directs the reader to the article you are citing.  If the URL does not provide access to the article you are citing it is better to provide the name of the database the articles was accessed on in place of the URL:

e.g

Balfour, Gillian. "Re-imagining a feminist criminology." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 45, no.5 (2006): 735-752. Hein Online.

Example of journal article first page