Referencing Styles

A guide to the reference styles used at the University of St Andrews

What you need to include and types of books

Book references include:

  • Author(s) / Editor(s)
  • Year
  • Title
  • Editor / Translator
  • Edition Statement
  • Volume
  • Place (only required for books published before 1900, or when there are different versions of a title published simultaneously in different locations, by the same publisher, where there are variations in content, or where publisher can't be ascertained)
  • Publisher

Ebook references include:

  • Author(s) / Editor(s)
  • Year
  • Title
  • Editor / Translator
  • Edition Statement
  • Volume
  • Place (only required for books published before 1900, or when there are different versions of a title published simultaneously in different locations, by the same publisher, where there are variations in content, or where publisher can't be ascertained)
  • Publisher
  • DOI or URL

 

Fields marked in blue are only included where the source contains that information.

Where the reference takes up multiple lines, indent the reference from the second line. 

The basic in-text citation format is:

(Author surname year, p.)

The basic reference format is:

Author, A.A. Year. Title of book. Edition. Publisher.

In-text citation:

(Esgate et al. 2005, 42)

Reference list entry:

Esgate, Anthony, David Groom, and Kevin Baker. 2005. An introduction to applied cognitive psychology. Psychology Press.

Where an ebook is identical to a print book you can cite it as a print book, this is the case with most books where content is accessed in PDF format, and the layout is fixed.  Where the text is published in a reflowable format such as Epub, Kindle edition etc, you would need to cite the ebook rather than the print book. Page numbers would vary dependent on the device or personal choice for text size so couldn't be provided, a chapter or section location can be given instead.  Where there is a URL which can be supplied this should be given, when a URL can't be provided the name of the device/supplier should be provided in place of the URL, e.g. Kindle.

In-text citation: (Mouthaan and Jurasz 2019, chpt 2)

Bibliography entry:

Mouthaan, Solange and Olga Jurasz, eds. 2019. Gender and War: International and Transitional Justice Perspectives . Intersentia. https://doi-org.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/10.1017/9781780688466.

OR

Mouthaan, Solange and Olga Jurasz, eds. 2019 Gender and War: International and Transitional Justice Perspectives . Intersentia. Kindle.