Referencing Styles

A guide to the reference styles used at the University of St Andrews

Important:

The pages of this guide related to the guidelines in the Chicago Manual of Style - 18th edition, published in 2024.  This edition of the style is gradually being adopted by the Schools who recommend or require this style for coursework submissions.

During academic year 2024-25 students using the Chicago style are advised to use the following version of the Chicago style:

  • Art History - use the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, the 18th edition will be adopted in academic year 2025-26
  • Divinity - use either the 17th edition or the 18th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, applying either version consistently (i.e. do no use a combination of both)
  • Other Schools, consult the Student Handbook for your School, or ask in your School for advice.

What you need to include, and types of books

Book references include:

  • Author(s) / Editor(s)
  • Title (italicised)
  • Editor / Translator
  • Edition Statement
  • Volume
  • Place (only required for books published before 1900, or when there are different versions of a title published simultaneously in different locations, by the same publisher, where there are variations in content, or where publisher can't be ascertained)
  • Publisher
  • Date

E-book references include:

  • Author(s) / Editor(s)
  • Title (italicised)
  • Editor / Translator
  • Edition Statement
  • Volume
  • Place (only required for books published before 1900, or when there are different versions of a title published simultaneously in different locations, by the same publisher, where there are variations in content, or where publisher can't be ascertained)
  • Publisher
  • Date
  • DOI or URL

Fields marked in blue are only included where the source contains that information or where the field is rarely used.

The full footnote or endnote format is:

Note number. Author(s)/Editor(s) name, Full title (Publisher: year), page.

The shortened footnote or endnote format is:

Note number. Surname, Short Title, page.

The entry in a bibliography format is:

Surname, First Name. Title. Publisher, Year.

Full Footnote / endnote entry:

2. Anthony Esgate, et al., Introduction to applied cognitive psychology (Psychology Press, 2005), 121.

Shortened Footnote / endnote entry:

2. Esgate, et al., Introduction, 121.

Bibliography entry:

Esgate, Anthony, David Groome, and Kevin Baker. An introduction to applied cognitive psychology. Psychology Press, 2005.

Where an ebook is identical to a print book you can cite it as a print book, this is the case with most books where content is accessed in PDF format, and the layout is fixed.  Where the text is published in a reflowable format such as Epub, Kindle edition etc, you would need to cite the ebook rather than the print book. Page numbers would vary dependent on the device or personal choice for text size so couldn't be provided, a chapter or section location can be given instead.  Where there is a URL which can be supplied this should be given, when a URL can't be provided the name of the device/supplier should be provided in place of the URL, e.g. Kindle.

Full Footnote / endnote entry:

3. Solange Mouthaan and Olga Jurasz, eds. Gender and War: International and Transitional Justice Perspectives (Intersentia, 2019), chpt 2, https://doi-org.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/10.1017/9781780688466. 

OR

3. Solange Mouthaan and Olga Jurasz, eds. Gender and War: International and Transitional Justice Perspectives (Intersentia, 2019), chpt 2, Kindle.

Shortened Footnote / endnote entry:

3. Mouthaan and Jurasz, Gender, chpt 2.

Bibliography entry:

Mouthaan, Solange and Olga Jurasz, eds. Gender and War: International and Transitional Justice Perspectives . Intersentia, 2019. https://doi-org.ezproxy.st-andrews.ac.uk/10.1017/9781780688466.

OR

Mouthaan, Solange and Olga Jurasz, eds. Gender and War: International and Transitional Justice Perspectives . Intersentia, 2019. Kindle.