Referencing Styles

A guide to the reference styles used at the University of St Andrews

CMOS-17 and 18

Important:

The pages of this guide related to the guidelines in the Chicago Manual of Style - 18th edition, published in 2024.  This edition of the style is gradually being adopted by the Schools who recommend or require this style for coursework submissions.

During academic year 2024-25 students using the Chicago style are advised to use the following version of the Chicago style:

  • Art History - use the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, the 18th edition will be adopted in academic year 2025-26
  • Divinity - use either the 17th edition or the 18th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style for this academic year, applying either version consistently (i.e. do no use a combination of both)
  • Other Schools, consult the Student Handbook for your School, or ask in your School for advice.

Referencing translated works

Where a work has an original author or editor and has been translated, you need to include the details of the author/editor and the translator in the bibliography.  Translator details are not included in the in-text citation.

In-text citation

(Surname or author Year, page)

Example: (Zhmud 2012, 118)

 

Entry in a bibliography:

Author Surname, First Name. Year. Title. Translated by First Name Surname. Publisher.

Example:

Zhmud, Leonid. 2012. Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans. Translated by Kevin Winder and Rosh Ireland.Oxford University Press.

Name order - note that the format for the translator's name is First Name Surname in the bibliography