Referencing Styles

A guide to the reference styles used at the University of St Andrews

How APA manages Authors, Editors and Anonymous works

In-text citation:  (Surname, Year, p.)

Example: 

(Buss, 2008, p.24)

Reference list:  Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title (Edition). Publisher.

Example:

Buss, D.M. (2008). Evolutionary psychology: the new science of the mind (3rd ed.). Pearson / Allyn and Bacon.

 

In-text citation:  (Surname, Year, p.)

Example:

(Sinnott-Armstrong, 2008, p.89)

Reference list:  Surname, Initial(s). (Ed.). (Year). Title (Edition). Publisher.

Example:

Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (Ed.). (2008). Moral psychology: the evolution of morality - adaptation and innateness. MIT Press.

 

In-text citation:  (Surname & Surname, Year, p.)

Example: 

(Eysenck & Keane, 2015, p. 208)

Reference list:  Surname, Initial(s). & Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title (Edition). Publisher.

Example:

Eysenck, M.W., & Keane, M.T. (Eds.). (2015). Cognitive psychology: a student's handbook. Psychology Press.

Editors - add (Eds.). after the second editors name in the reference list only.

In-text citation:  (Surname et al., Year, p.)

Example: 

(Pettijohn et al., 2015, p. 463)

Reference list entry: (up to 20 authors/editors):  Surname, Initial(s)., Surname, Initial(s)., Surname, Initial(s)., Surname, Initial(s)., Surname, Initial(s)., Surname, Initial(s)., & Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Publication Information

Example (journal article):

Van Hoye, G., Lievens, F., De Soete, B., Libbrecht, N., Schollaert, E., & Baligant, D. (2014). The image of psychology programs: The value of the instrumental-symbolic framework. The Journal of  psychology :Interdisciplinary and Applied, 148, 457-475.

Reference list entry: (21 or more authors/editors): Include the first 19 authors/editors, followed by ... then the final author. (Year). Publication Information.

Example (journal article):

Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R, Collins, E., Deaven,D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y. Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W. Janowiak, J., Mo, K.C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., ... Joseph, D. (1996).  The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77(3), 437-471.

Editors - add (Eds.). after the final editors name in the reference list only.

Where a work is authored by an organisation/group, the full name of the organisation serves as the author.

In-text citation (Organisation not identified through an abbrevation):  (Organisation name, Year, p.)

Example:

(International Crisis Group, 2012, p.6)

First in-text citation (organisation readily identified through an abbreviation):  (Organisation name, Year, p.)

Example:

(World Health Organization, 2014, p.12)

Subsequent in-text citation (organisation readily identified through an abbreviation): (Abbreviated name, Year, p.)

Example:

(WHO, 2014, p.12)

Reference List:  Organisation. (Year). Title.  Publisher.

Example:

World Health Organization. (2011) Face to face with HIV stigma and discrimination in health care. World Health Organization.

Where a work is clearly signed 'Anonymous', give this in place of the Author.

In-text citation: (Anomymous, Year, p.)

Example:

(Anomymous, 2012, p. 83)

Reference List: Anonymous (Year). Title. Publication information.

Example:

Anomymous (2012). O: A presidential novel. Simon & Schuster.

Where no Author / Editor is given, and the work is not signed as 'Anonymous', move the Title to the Author position in the reference list, and alphabetise the entry by the first significant word in the title.

In-text citation: (Words from title, Year, p.)

Example:

(Merriam-Webster, 2005, p.428)

Reference List: Title. (edition). (Year). Publication Information.

Example:

Merriam-Webster collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005).  Merriam-Webster.