Referencing Styles

A guide to the reference styles used at the University of St Andrews

What you need to include, and types of books

Book references include:

  • Author(s) / Editor(s)
  • Title (italicised)
  • Editor / Translator
  • Edition Statement
  • Volume
  • Place
  • Publisher
  • Date

E-book references include:

  • Author(s) / Editor(s)
  • Title (italicised)
  • Editor / Translator
  • Edition Statement
  • Volume
  • Place
  • Publisher
  • Date
  • DOI or URL

Fields marked in blue are only included where the source contains that information.

The footnote or endnote format is:

Note number. Surname, Short Title, page.

The entry in a bibliography format is:

Surname, First Name. Title. Place: Publisher, Year.

Footnote / endnote entry:

2. Esgate, Groome, and Baker, Introduction, 121.

Bibliography entry:

Esgate, Anthony, David Groome, and Kevin Baker. An introduction to applied cognitive psychology. Hove: Psychology Press, 2005.

Footnote / endnote entry:

3. Hammerle, Uberegger, and Bader-Zaar, Gender, 44.

Bibliography entry:

Hammerle, Christa, Oswald Uberegger, and Birgitta Bader-Zaar, eds.  Gender and the First World War. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2014. doi: 10.1057/9781137302205

Footnote / endnote:

  • Include the footnote number
  • Include the author surname(s), applying the advice in the Author Rules tab
  • Include a shortened title
  • Include a page number if you are referring to a specific page/section.

Bibliography:

  • The first author / editor name is given as Surname, First name
  • Second and subsequent author / editor names are given in the format of First Name Surname
  • For multiple authors follow the advice in the Author Rules tab, paying attention to the use of commas, and the word "and" (not an ampersand)
  • Each section of a reference is finished with a "."
  • Title is always italicised, and given in full.
  • Edition is given if not the first edition. eg. 4th ed.
  • Location is always followed with a ":"
  • Date follows the place and publisher
  • For e-books provide details of the doi or URL where no doi is given.